此外, 阿弗哈特认为心灵和思想是隶属于心的。他说,“那恶者将根植于他心灵的内室。”<43>“心灵的内室”表明心灵是隶属于心的。这个基本原则也开启了后来关于清心和清明之心灵的探讨。一位7世纪后期的著名叙利亚教父,尼尼微的圣以撒 (St. Isaac of Nineveh,约613—约700)<44>说,
“清明之心灵/思 (Purity of the mind) 与清心 (purity of the heart)有别,正如一个肢体与全身的区别。心灵只是灵魂的一种官能,而心掌控内在的所有官能:它是众官能之官能,是它们的根本。如果根部是圣洁的,那么它的枝干也是圣洁的;但如果只是一个枝干圣洁,就不是那么回事了。”<45>
这里说明,首先心灵隶属于心,就如四肢隶属于身体;其次,心是心灵的根本和中心。因为只有清心才显明全人的圣洁。因此,阿弗哈特建议心灵必须要回到它的根本,不但是要收敛心神于上帝,而且也要通过祈祷姿势转移其注意力到肉心的位置,然后通过不断地呼求耶稣之名来清理其中的一切污秽。后来的静修传统<46>继承了这种心灵回归的圣祷传统。13世纪尼克弗罗(Nikephoros)的著作《论警醒和守卫心》(On Watchfulness and the Guarding of the Heart)中提到,不但要收敛心神于上帝,而且也要强迫自己的心思随着鼻孔吸气下降到心的位置。<47>帕拉玛(Palamas,1296—1359)也为这圣祷的姿势辩护说:“我们理性的能力不像器皿一样处在身体中,因为它是无形的,也不在身体之外,因为它与身体相连。而是处在心里,以心为它的器官。”<48>
四 肉心的位置和运动方式对于全身而言就像舵之于船
我们的思想、情绪,甚至上帝的恩典是通过肉心的位置和运动传递到全身的。身体在圣祷中不但借着祈祷姿势提供体力,而且也能领受神恩。当然,身体感受神恩的方式与我们普通的感觉有别。按学者苏珊•哈维 (Susan Harvey) 的理解,身体借着洗礼和圣餐获得了新的能以领受神恩的感觉。<49>虽然阿弗哈特并没有提及肉心的位置和运动的重要性,但后来的修士、《慕善集》(Philokalia)<50>的编辑者圣山的尼哥底母在《灵修建议手册》(A Handbook of Spiritual Counsel)中解释了这一点。<51>
爱人的行为算为在神面前的圣祷。阿弗哈特强调身心的协调一致,柴尔德斯(J. W. Childers)论道阿弗哈特时说:“人内外协调一致是人官能的正常运作状态。”<58> 因此,外在爱的行动能反映出内在圣祷的状态。对阿弗哈特而言,祈祷作为对神的献祭,必须要圣洁,因此上帝只接受一种祈祷,就是圣祷。<59> 因此,他毫不避讳地主张:每一个爱人的行动就是圣祷。
有些学者一味强调叙利亚传统中艾瓦格瑞 (Evagrius,345—399) 的影响<68>,却忽视了早期叙利亚教父如阿弗哈特、艾弗冷的著作,包括《步书》(theBook of Steps)所产生的影响。他们可能声称心灵是人的中心,心是完全无形的,不可定位的官能,因为他们害怕次等、物质的身体能参与到神恩中。这种观点显然有失偏颇。
<1> Demonstration 22.26; Parisot, PS1, 1049.3-4.《论文》(Dem)按篇节引用,并附上叙利亚原文出处,我采用Parisot编辑的版本,用册、栏和行的模式注明。叙利亚版本见D. J. Parisot, Ahpraatis Sapientis Persae Demonstrationes, PS 1-2 (Paris: 1894-1907)。本文翻译亦参考了英译本Adam Lehto, The Demonstrations of Aphrahat, the Persian Sage.关于圣经对阿弗哈特的重要程度, 参见Kuriakose, Valavanolickal, The Use of the Gospel Parables in the Writings of Aphrahat and Ephrem (Berlin: Peter Lang, 1996), 14。
<2>关于阿弗哈特的基本信息, 参见Sebastian P. Brock, “Aphrahaṭ,” in Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition, edited by Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2011); 网页版见https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Aphrahat关于阿弗哈特生平及著作的详细介绍,参见Marie-Joseph Pierre, ed., Aphraate le Sage person 1 (SC 349; Paris: Cerf, 1988-1989), 33-199。关于阿弗哈特的参考书目,包括版本、译本和学术研究文献,参见Adam Lehto, ed., The Demonstrations of Aphrahat, the Persian Sage (Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias, 2010), 533-573。
<3>Jill Gather, Teachings on the Prayer of the Heart in the Greek and Syrian Fathers: The Significance of Body and Community (Piscataway, NJ.: Gorgias Press, 2010), 64.
<4> Mind 也译为理智、心智、灵智、心思等,但笔者在这里多译为心灵。因此,本文谈到心灵时,读者应按照Mind来理解。笔者认为,在东方教会灵修传统中,将Mind译为理智,心智或灵智是有失偏颇的,应译为心灵。本文稍后会显明Mind是隶属于心的一种官能,心灵一词最能体现这个含义。
<7>Brock, The Syriac Fathers on Prayer and the Spiritual Life. x-xi.
<8>Childers, “Virtuous Reading: Ahprahat’s Approach To Scripture,” 46.
<9> Ibid., 47.
<10> Fabry Heinz-Josef eds, Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament(TDOT), translated by John Willis et al., vols.7 (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1970-89), 412. 有关清洁之心(pure heart)的希伯来确切术语之详尽讨论,参见Nowell, Irene, “the Concept of Purity of Heart in the Old Testament”, in Purity of Heart in Early Ascetic and Monastic Literature, edited by Luckman, Harriet and Kulzer, Linda, 17-29(Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999)。
<12> Kittle Gerhard et al. eds., Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Edited and Translated by Bromiley Geoffrey, vols.3 (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1964), 611.
<13> Dem.1.3; Parisot, PS1, 8.24-9.11.
<14>叙利亚语的音译和元音,参见J. F. Coakley, Syriac Grammar, 6th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 1-13。
<15> Dem. 6.17; Parisot, PS1, 301.17-20.
<16> Dem. 4.10; Parisot, PS1, 157.19-26.
<17>同样的解释也见于希腊和拉丁作家的著作,如Origen, De oratione 20.2, Cyprian, De oratione 4-5.另见DelCogliano,189。
<44>尼尼微的圣以撒是最具影响力的叙利亚作者,他的作品很早就翻译成希腊文、拉丁文以及后来的斯拉夫语,对希腊静修传统影响深远。参 Brock, Syriac Fathers on Prayer, 242。
<45> Isaac of Nineveh, Discourses. Part I. Mar Isaacus Ninivita: De perfectione religiosa, edited by Paul Bedjan (Leipzig, 1909; reprinted 2007), 29. 另参考Brock, Syriac Spirituality, 151。
<46>东正教静修传统受到了叙利亚传统的影响,主要是通过马卡里乌斯(Macarius,300—391)和尼尼微的以撒。 在《论警醒和守卫心》中,尼克弗罗说:“坐下收敛心神,引导它随着呼吸道进入你心。迫使它伴随着吸气进入你心。一旦它进入那里,就不会觉得沉闷无聊。正如一个离家的浪子高高兴兴地回来与妻儿团圆,照样心灵一旦与灵魂联合就充满了不可言喻的喜乐。”(Nikephoros, On Watchfulness and the Guarding of the Heart, 27.13-29)
<47> Nikephoros, On Watchfulness and the Guarding of the Heart, 27.13-17.
<48> Palamas, Triads 1.2.3.
<49>Harvey, Senting Salvation: Ancient Christianity and the Olfactory Imagination, 63.
<52> Nicodemos, A Handbook of Spiritual Counsel, 110. Trans. by Chamberas, Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain: a Hand book of Spiritual Counsel, 154.
<53> ibid, 112. Trans. by Chamberas, 155.
<54> Ibid. 113. Trans. by Chamberas, 155.
<55>Harvey, Senting Salvation: Ancient Christianity and the Olfactory Imagination, 64.
<56> Ephrem, Hymns on Nisibis 69. 3, 5 . Trans. Brock, Harp of the Spirit, 77.
<57> Harvey, Senting Salvation: Ancient Christianity and the Olfactory Imagination, 62.
<58> Childers, 57.
<59> Dem.4.
<60> Dem. 4.14; Parisot, PS1, 169.19-23.
<61> Dem. 4, 14
<62> Dem. 4.15; Parisot, PS1, 172.17-173.4
<63> Dem. 4.16; Parisot, PS1, 173.23-176.3.
<64> Brock, Syriac Spirituality, 148-9.
<65> Dem. 3.2
<66> ibid, 57n. Pierre, Aphraate le sage persan, 1.181.
<67> ibid, 57. Lehto, “ Aphraate and Philoxenus on Faith,” in Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 4 2004: 48; “Moral, Ascetic, and Ritual Dimensions,” 173–174.
<68>比如Bruria Bitton-Ashkelony 试图阐明艾瓦格瑞对叙利亚传统的影响有多深远。参Bruria Bitton-Ashkelony, The Ladder of Prayer and the Ship of Stirrings (Leuven: Peeters, 2019)。
Bibliography
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Translated by A. Lehto. The Demonstrations of Aphrahat, the Persian Sage. Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies 27. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2010.
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συμβουλευτικον εγχειριδιον: περι φγλακης των πεντε αισθησεων της τε φαντασιας του νοος και της καρδιας και τοιαι εισιν αι οικειαι του νοος ηδοναι. Athens: Εκδοσεις Ο Αγιος Νικοδημος, 1950.
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Greek text edited by St. Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth. Φιλοκαλίατῶνἱερῶννηπτικῶν: ἐνερανισθεῖσαπαρὰτῶνἁγίωνκαὶθεοφόρωνπατέρων. 3rd ed. Vols.4, 18-28. Athens: Aster-Papademetriou, 1961.
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———. Studies in Syriac Spirituality. Rev.ed. Bangalore, India: Dharmaram, 2008.
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金口约翰受过很好的教育,他“跟伟大的异教演说家利巴尼乌斯(Libanius)学习法律,跟当时安提阿学派的领袖大数的狄奥多(Diodore of Tarsus)学习神学”。<11> 他出众的口才以及解经很可能与此相关。
他大概在19岁受洗,三年后被主教梅勒提乌斯(Meletius,?—381)按立为读经员。他很早就蒙召要去过修道生活,但为了照顾寡居的母亲,他在家过了近四年克己苦修的生活。之后四年在附近的一座山里,在一位老隐士的指导下学习祈祷。之后两年,他独居在一个山洞里,学习圣经,遵行着过于严格的苦行操练,这损害了他身体的健康,并迫使他回到安提阿。巴西尔(Basil of Caesarea,约329/330—379)曾在给好朋友格列高利(Gregory of Nazianzus,约329—390)的信中写道:“与那所应许、为我们预备的幸福相比,这世上万物都不算什么,此真乃你心所是,也正与你灵相配”。<12> 在修道生活上,这句话似乎也适合用来描述比巴西尔和格列高利年轻一代的金口约翰。
401年,金口约翰受邀去以弗所主持一次会议。在会上,他罢免了六位被发现买卖神职的主教。虽然他是受邀过去的,并且以弗所在君士坦丁堡管辖范围内,但他的职权仍然受到质疑,从而树立了更多敌人。返回君士坦丁堡后,他发现一位客座主教,加巴拉的塞韦里安(Severian of Gabala),在神职人员中挑起麻烦,就要求他返回自己的教区,但塞韦里安向其支持者皇后欧多克西亚(Aelia Eudoxia,?—404)求情。<21> 塞韦里安联合其他一些主教和朝臣,反对金口约翰。
<1> Bettenson, Henry; Maunder, Chris ed., Documents of the Christian Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), 17. 也参考:优西比乌著,保罗·L·梅尔(Paul L. Maier)英译、评注,瞿旭彤译,《教会史》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009年,第457-460页。
<2> Harold A. Drake, “Church and Empire”, The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies, eds. Susan Ashbrook Harvey and David G. Hunter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 455-456.
<3> S.P. Scott ed. and trans., The Civil Law, Volume 16 (Cincinnati: Central Trust Co.), 31.
<4> Harold A. Drake, “Church and Empire”, The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies, eds. Susan Ashbrook Harvey and David G. Hunter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 456.
<5> Baur, Chrysostomus, John Chrysostom and his time, Volume 1 (London: Sands & Co. LTD, 1959), 32.
<6> Eric Fournier, “Exiled Bishops in the Christian Empire: Victims of Imperial violence?”, Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices, ed. H.A. Drake( Ashgate: Routledge, 2006), 158.
<7> 同上, 157。
<8> Rofal Kosinski (Bialystok), “The Exiled Bishops of Constantinople from the Fourth to the Late Sixth Century,” Studia Ceranea 5, 2015, 231.
<9> Meyer, Robert trans. and ed. Palladius: Dialogue on the life of St. John Chrysostom (New York: Newman Press, 1985), 1. 帕拉弟乌斯(Palladius,约363/364—约430)是《关于金口约翰生平的对话》作者。此书约写于406—408年,主要是关于金口约翰生平的对话和他的书信来往,目的是指明金口约翰是一个真正基督徒主教的典范。帕拉弟乌斯与金口约翰在君士坦丁堡有密切来往,被金口约翰按立为神父,也任过主教。
<10> Thomas Carson, Joann Cerrito eds. New Catholic Encyclopedia, Second Edition, volume 7 (Washington: Thomson Gale, 2003), 945.
<11> F. L. Cross ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Third edition, revised and edited by E. A. Livingstone (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 345.
<12> Deferrari Roy trans., Saint Basil the Letters: Letter II, vol 1 (London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 1926), 6-7.
<13> Agapios, Hieromonk and Nicodemus, Monk, The Rudder (Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957), 210.
<14> Baur, Chrysostomus, John Chrysostom and his time, Volume 1 ( London: Sands & Co. LTD, 1959), 4.
<15> 同上,5-6。
<16> 同上,7。
<17> 同上,11。
<18> Meyer Robert trans. and ed., Palladius: Dialogue on the life of St. John Chrysostom (New York: Newman Press, 1989), 5.
<19> Agapios, Hieromonk and Nicodemus, Monk, The Rudder (Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957), 165.
<20> 同上,38-39。
<21> J. N. D. Kelly, Golden Mouth: The Story of John Chrysostom―Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop (Cornell University Press, 1998), 182-3.
<22> Palladios: Dialogue Sur La Vie De Jean Chrysostome, Tome I, Sources Chretiennes volume 341 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf), 126.
<23> Meyer, Robert trans. and ed. Palladius: Dialogue on the life of St. John Chrysostom (New York: Newman Press, 1985), 51. J. N. D. Kelly, Golden Mouth: The Story of John Chrysostom―Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop (Cornell University Press, 1998), 221-222, 299-301.
<24> 同上,53—54。
<25> Agapios, Hieromonk and Nicodemus, Monk, The Rudder (Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957), 209.
<26> Meyer, Robert trans. and ed. Palladius: Dialogue on the life of St. John Chrysostom (New York: Newman Press, 1985), 61.
<27> 同上,21-22, 63。
<28> 同上,22。
<29> Eric Fournier, “Exiled Bishops in the Christian Empire: Victims of Imperial violence?”, Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices, ed. H.A. Drake (Ashgate: Routledge, 2006), 157.
<30> 同上,158。
题图:
法国艺术家让-保罗·卢昂斯(Jean-Paul Laurens,1838—1921)笔下的金口约翰与皇后欧多克西亚,原作藏于法国奥古斯丁博物馆(Musée des Augustins):
一次读到其序言中写道:”‘如何使《爱神集》所含的宝藏以一种丰富而恰当地方式为西方世界所用呢?这个问题的唯一终极解决方案是…从希腊原文翻译,我们只能期盼有一天这项事工得以成就。“2 我读完为之一振,心想《爱神集》最好的译本也应该是从希腊原文翻译的。这种从希腊原文翻译《爱神集》以及希腊教父著作的想法促使我2015年开始在圣十字架希腊正教神学院(https://www.hchc.edu/)学习神学,为期四年,主修希腊教父灵修。在读第二个神学硕士期间师从圣山阿索斯修士,圣十字架神学院教授,马克西姆 ∙ 康斯塔斯 (Maximus Constas)3,撰写一篇硕士论文《独修士尼克弗罗<论警醒与守卫心灵>希腊原文,中文翻译以及注释》(Nikephoros the Solitary On Watchfulness and the Guarding of the Heart Greek Text, Chinese Translation, and Commentary)。导师让我写这样的论文当然是鼓励我继续希腊教父的翻译事工。
圣山尼哥底母和哥林多的圣玛卡里奥(St. Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain and St Makarios of Corinth)编辑, Philokalia: Complete Text. Palmer G. E. H., Sherrard Philip and Ware Kallistos译, 卷一(伦敦:Faber and Faber, 1979), 13页
[3]尼哥底母(Nicodemos)编, 慕善集(Philokalia). Ed. by St. Nicodemos of The Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth, Φιλοκαλίατῶν ἱερῶν νηπτικῶν: ἐνερανισθεῖσα παρὰ τῶν ἁγίων καὶθεοφόρων πατέρων, 3rd ed., vols.1 (Athens: Aster-Papademetriou, 1957), 159页。凡英文引用均按芝加哥格式。